The virus genome is composed of a linear, positivesense, singlestranded rna with 11,429 nucleotides, excluding the 5 cap nucleotide and 3 polya tail. Distribution of mayaro virus mayv in the central and south america 3,57. Pathogenesis clinical disease and diagnosis venezuelan equine encephalitis. The nlrp3 inflammasome is involved with the pathogenesis. Pdf mayaro fever is an emerging acute viral disease endemic in central and south america. The most common symptoms of infection are fever and joint pain. Currently, there is a lack of molecular tools to enable a better understanding of the transmission and pathogenesis of mayv. Sep 16, 2016 chikungunyalike mayaro virus reported in haiti for first time the mayaro virus has been responsible for small outbreaks near the amazon in south america but has not been seen much in the caribbean. Review article molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of. Mayaro virus mayv agent information sheet research support. Mayaro virus induction of oxidative stress is associated.
In the present study, we assess the susceptibility of human chondrocytes hc, fibroblastlike. A neglected arbovirus of the americas article pdf available in future virology 109. Examples of these viruses include filoviruses ebola. Recent studies warned for the risk of mayv dispersion to new areas and for the potential establishment of an urban epidemic cycle. Mayaro virus mayv was originally isolated in trinidad in 1954 from the serum of febrile patients33. Despite little known by the population, mayaro fever is an ancient disease. Naides, in goldmans cecil medicine twenty fourth edition, 2012. There are aspects that make scientists believe that the virus began circulating freely around the caribbean, increasing the number of people that contacted the virus and got sick. Osteoarticular manifestations of mayaro virus infection. Mayv emergence is typically sporadic, but recent isolations and outbreaks indicate that the virus remains a public health concern.
Mayaro virus mayv, causative agent of mayaro fever, is an arbovirus transmitted by haemagogus mosquitoes. In this blog, we explain the key differences between pcr and immunoassays for covid19 diagnosis, and present our growing pipeline of coronavirus reagents for the development of highly accurate diagnostic kits. Animal model of arthritis and myositis induced by the mayaro. Aug 15, 2019 zika virus structure, genome, symptoms, transmission, pathogenesis, diagnosis last updated.
Bebaru, chikungunya chikv, getah, semliki forest, ross river rrv, onyongnyong, and una viruses. Una virus was classified as a subtype of mayaro virus 24. Oxidative stress in mayaro virus infection fernanda caetano caminia, camila carla da silva caetanoa. Mayaro virus mayv can infect humans that invade its zoonotic habitat, including primate reservoirs. Since it was first identified from the blood of five febrile cases in trinidad in 1954, 1 mayv has been isolated or its presence has been implicated by antibody surveys in countries throughout tropical south america and into central america and the caribbean. It is an enveloped virus and has an icosahedral capsid with a diameter of 70 nm. Experimental transmission of mayaro virus by aedes aegypti. Mayaro virus replication restriction and induction of.
Rulli ne, melton j, wilmes a, ewart g, mahalingam s 1981 an outbreak of mayaro virus disease in belterra, brazil. Despite little known by the population, mayaro fever. Research uncovers mechanism that triggers inflammatory. Outbreaks of viral arthritis and the global distribution of these diseases point to the emergence of arthritogenic alphaviruses as an. The causative virus, abbreviated mayv, is in the family togaviridae, and genus alphavirus.
Rubber workers are at risk of infection and the polyarthritis caused by the disease can be debilitating, preventing the workers from gainful employment. Mayaro virus south america, onyongnyong virus africa, ross river virus australia, and sindbis virus africa, europe, and asia can cause an acute. It has caused recorded outbreaks in bolivia and brazil and is endemic in the rain forest region where bolivia, brazil, and peru share borders. Microcephaly is a birth defect in which a babys head is smaller than expected when. You can get a copy of the pdf viewer by clicking here. Transmission potential of mayaro virus in florida aedes. Mayaro virus mayv is an rna virus in the genus alphavirus, family togaviridae anderson et al. Mayaro virus mayv is a singlestrand positive rna virus belonging to the togaviridae family and genus alphavirus.
Mayaro virus was first isolated in the caribbean in the 1950s in association with an epidemic of febrile illness with rash and occasional arthropathy. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms of arthritis as a result of mayv infection remain poorly understood. Contact information centers for disease control and prevention 1600 clifton rd. The nlrp3 inflammasome is involved with the pathogenesis of mayaro virus. Chad mire, university of texas medical branch at galveston, usa the emerging viruses section of virology journal includes studies covering all aspects of new and reemerging viruses that cause severe andor lethal diseases in humans and animals. Mayv induced significant oxidative stress in the liver of infected animals, as well as a deregulation of enzymatic antioxidant components. Lewis markoff, in mandell, douglas, and bennetts principles and practice of infectious diseases eighth edition, 2015.
Mechanism that triggers the inflammatory process by mayaro. Mayaro virus mayv is an arbovirus member of the alphavirus genus and togaviridae family. Molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of. Infectious cdna clones of two strains of mayaro virus for. Pathophysiology, mechanism, and modeling vaishnavi k. Mayaro virus induction of oxidative stress is associated with. Chikungunya virus is spread to people by the bite of an infected mosquito. Zika virus zikv is a mosquitoborne flavivirus that was originally discovered in 1947 dick et al.
Oct 08, 2016 mayaro virus is another littleknown, mosquitoborne disease that might warrant more attention. An emerging mosquitoborne zoonosis in tropical south. Sep 26, 2018 mayaro virus mayv is an arbovirus and part of the semliki complex that consists of seven other viruses. The university of texas medical branch, 2011 supervisor.
Chikungunya virus is a zoonotic arbovirus that was first isolated from an african primate in 1952 14. Mayaro virus ros oxidative stress antioxidant defences abstract mayaro virus mayv is a neglected tropical arbovirus that causes a febrile syndrome that is sometimes accompanied by incapacitating arthritisarthralgia. Review article molecular mechanisms involved in the. Collectively, this is the first study to report that oxidative stress occurs in mayv infection in vivo, and that it may be crucial in virus pathogenesis. See more of dr mackays blogging at virology down under. Why zika is risky for some people zika infection during pregnancy can microcephal yand other birth defects. It is maintained by haemagogus mosquitoes and humans usually contract the virus while in humid tropical forests. Mayv is an arbovirus transmitted by haemagogus janthinomys, with competence also demonstrated in aedes aegypti, aedes scapularis, and anopheles quadrimaculatus.
But, a new strain of mayaro virus or mayv as it is called in the medical world has been recently discovered, when an 8yearold boy got sick in haiti, in the year 2015. Future studies are warranted to address the alternative therapeutic strategies for mayaro fever, such as those based on antioxidant compounds. Dec 31, 2019 mayaro virus mayv is an arthropodborne virus and a member of the family togaviridae, genus alphavirus. Infection by these viruses produce similar clinical illnesses in humans 48. Mayaro virus produces a nonspecific, sublethal disease in man with symptoms that are often confused with dengue. Mayaro virus mayv, the cause of mayaro fever, is a member of the genus alphavirus, family.
Author summary the mayaro virus, although restricted to some regions of latin america, has great potential for emergence, which makes it of great medicalscientific interest. Chikungunya virus chikv is an arbovirus in the family togaviridae. Similar to chikungunya and other arthritogenic alphavirus, mayv. Similar to chikungunya chikv and other arthritogenic alphavirus, mayvinduced disease shows a high prevalence of persistent arthralgia, and myalgia. Mayaro virus infection in traveler returning from amazon.
Arthritogenic alphaviruses belong to a family of positive sense, singlestranded rna viruses that cause selflimiting acute and chronic debilitating polyarthralgiapolyarthritis, resembling an autoinflammatory disease. Infection with mayaro virus causes an acute, selflimited denguelike illness of 35 days duration. Oct 25, 2019 mayaro virus mayv is an arbovirus member of the alphavirus genus and togaviridae family. Arthritogenic alphaviruses, including ross river virus rrv, chikungunya virus chikv, sindbis virus sinv, mayaro virus mayv, onyongnyong virus onnv, and barmah forest virus bfv, cause incapacitating and long lasting articular diseasemyalgia. Is transmitted by the biting of female mosquitoes infected with this virus mainly of the genus haemagogus spp. The mechanism by which defense cells respond to infection by mayaro virus has been described by a team affiliated with the center for research on inflammatory diseases crid in an article. Atlanta, ga 30333, usa 800cdcinfo 8002324636 contact cdcinfo. A mouse model of zika virus pathogenesis graphical abstract highlights d development of a mouse model of zikv pathogenesis including multiple viral strains d ifnar1 mice sustain high viral burden in brain, spinal cord, and testes d zikv can establish viremia in the absence of clinical signs in mice d zikv mouse model may be useful for vaccine. Other symptoms may include headache, muscle pain, joint swelling, or rash. The symptoms of arthralgia, often associated with these viral infections, can cause an incapacitating disability. Serologic evidence indicated that additional outbreaks occurred in barinas state in 2003.
Rubber workers are at risk of infection and the polyarthritis caused by the disease can be debilitating. Since its isolation from trinidadian forest workers in 1954 1, mayv has become of. Mechanism that triggers the inflammatory process by mayaro virus is. The spread of mayaro to urban areas is a major concern by the authorities, given that the virus has potential to cause an epidemic if spread in highrisk areas. Togaviridae, and is closely related to chikungunya, onyongnyong, ross river, barmah forest, and sindbis viruses. Mayaro fever produces symptoms and signs similar to those of dengue fever, including an acute febrile illness lasting 3 to 5 days, typically accompanied by headache, pain behind the eyes, joint and muscle pains, vomiting, diarrhea, and rash. In addition to the clinical cases and virus isolates reported from northern south america, serologic survey findings suggest the presence of mayv in costa rica. Although osteoarticular involvement is not the most frequent, it is one the most associated with disability. In addition, chikv and mayv can be vertically transmitted via a transovarian route when the virus is transmitted from the adult mosquito to its. Liver, spleen, muscle, and lymph nodes are sites of primary replication, allowing an efficient virus spread. It is an old world alphavirus belonging to the semliki forest antigenic complex, which also includes bebaru virus, mayaro virus, onyong nyong virus, ross river virus, getah virus, semliki forest virus, and una virus. It has since caused epidemics in brazil and bolivia. Outbreaks have occurred in countries in africa, asia, europe, and the indian and pacific oceans. Emergence of recombinant mayaro virus strains from the.
Mayaro virus infects human chondrocytes and induces the expression of arthritisrelated genes associated with joint degradation michele bengue 1, pauline ferraris 1, cecile baronti 2, cheikh tidiane diagne 1, loic talignani 1, sineewanlaya wichit 3, florian liegeois 1, catherine bisbal 4, antoine nougairede 2 and dorothee misse 1. Siraca has antigenically classified mayaro virus and placed it in the semliki forest complex of serogroup a. Both genotypes of mayv d and l exhibit a close phylogenetic relationship with the una virus. Mayaro virus has been classified into three major genotypes d, l and n. Mayaro virus is another littleknown, mosquitoborne disease. To better understand the transmission dynamics of sarscov2 and develop effective countermeasures against it, antigen and antibodybased immunoassays will be essential. August 15, 2019 by sagar aryal zika virus zikv is mosquitoborne emerging flavivirus which was first identified in zika forest of uganda in 1947 in rhesus monkeys.
Mayaro virus replication restriction and induction. The virus was first isolated in 1954 from trinidad anderson et al. Mayaro virus was first recognized in trinidad in 1954. Rrv, chikungunya virus chikv, sindbis virus sinv, mayaro virus mayv, o nyongnyong virus onnv, and barmah forest virus bfv, cause incapacitating and long lasting articular. Apr 25, 2018 but, a new strain of mayaro virus or mayv as it is called in the medical world has been recently discovered, when an 8yearold boy got sick in haiti, in the year 2015. Chikv, similar to dengue virus, is transmitted to humans in urban cycles by aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus vectors after inoculation by the aedes bite, chikv typically reaches the subcutaneous tissue and is phagocytosed by dendritic cells that migrate to lymph nodes to.
The nlrp3 inflammasome is involved with the pathogenesis of. Zika virus structure, symptoms, transmission, pathogenesis. It was first identified in 1954 and has been active near. The transmembrane form of gp targets the ebola virus to cells that are relevant to its pathogenesis.
Mayaro virus disease is a mosquitoborne zoonotic pathogen endemic to certain humid forests of tropical south america. Mayaro virus mayv is classified in the semliki forest virus antigenic complex and shares similarities with the alphavirus chikungunya virus and the flavivirus dengue virus. The overall goal of our research efforts is to better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying pathogenesis in order to design more effective therapeutic countermeasures. Viral pathogenesis is the study of the process and mechanisms by which viruses cause diseases in their target hosts, often at the cellular or molecular level. Why we need antigen and antibody tests for covid19 the.
Tesh chikungunya virus chikv is an alphavirus which causes a febrile illness in people that can induce a. Effects of chikungunya virus immunity on mayaro virus disease. Therefore, pathogenesis study of the mayv in an animal model has fundamental importance for the determination of viral and host factors that contribute to disease development. Pdf icon to the left to view a copy of this virus entry in pdf format. Pathogenesis of alphavirusinduced arthritismyositis. Since its isolation in trinidad in 1954, sporadic outbreaks due to mayv have occurred in brazil and bolivia. Virology pathology research university of nebraska. Mayaro virus mayv is an emergent arbovirus belonging to the alphavirus genus from the togaviridae family which has been circulated in forest regions of american continent through small outbreaks. Similar to chikungunya and other arthritogenic alphavirus. Thus, understanding the mechanisms related to the pathogenesis of this infectious agent would be of great value to treat and prevent the disease. Mayaro virus infects human chondrocytes and induces the. Infected individuals develop mayaro fever, a severe inflammatory disease characterized by high fever, rash, arthralgia, myalgia and headache.
Mayaro virus mayv is an emergent arbovirus first described in forest regions of the american continent, with recent and increasing notification of urban area circulation. In addition to chikv and ebov, the reid laboratory also studies other emerging flaviviruses and alphaviruses, including zika virus and mayaro virus respectively. Animal model of arthritis and myositis induced by the. Specifically, gp allows the virus to introduce its contents into monocytes andor macrophages, where cell damage or exposure to viral particles may cause the release of cytokines 34 associated with inflammation and fever, and into endothelial.
It is closely related to other alphaviruses that produce a denguelike illness. The first incidence of this virus was reported near mayaro town in trinidad and tobago in 1954, where it was originally isolated from the patients blood, representing febrile illness of short duration 1. In addition, chikv and mayv can be vertically transmitted via a transovarian route when the virus is transmitted from the adult mosquito to its progeny 4, 5. Virus isolates from horses in each location were nearly identical in sequence to 1995 isolates, which suggests natural persistence of subtype ic vee virus veev strains in a genetically stable mode. Tom geisbert, university of texas medical branch, usa deputy section editor. Infection leads to a denguelike illness accompanied by severe polyarthralgia.
Mayaro virus mayv is a neglected tropical arbovirus that causes a febrile syndrome that is sometimes. Chikungunya virus in the united states prior to 2006, chikungunya rarely identified in u. Mayaro virus mayv is a mosquitoborne alphavirus in the family togaviridae. The d genotype of mayv has been reported in the central plateau and the amazon region of brazil, as well as in peru, bolivia, venezuela, colombia.
Zika virus structure, genome, symptoms, transmission, pathogenesis, diagnosis last updated. Mayaro virus mayv, the cause of mayaro fever, is a member of the genus alphavirus, family togaviridae, and is closely related to chikungunya, onyongnyong, ross river, barmah forest, and sindbis viruses. These viruses include chikungunya virus, ross river virus, barmah forest virus, sindbis virus, onyongnyong virus and mayaro virus. It was not considered a relevant human pathogen until the large outbreak starting in brazil in 2015 that revealed an association of zikv infection with fetal microcephaly and guillainbarre syndrome ministerio da saude brasil 2015.
Mayaro virus mayv is an emerging arthritogenic alphavirus belonging to the togaviridae family. N2 mayaro virus mayv causes an acute febrile illness similar to that produced by chikungunya virus chikv, an evolutionary relative in the semliki forest virus complex of alphaviruses. Mayaro virus is present in the northern half of south america trinidad, surinam, brazil, columbia, bolivia. Mayaro virus has a structure similar to other alphaviruses. After inoculation through the bite of an infected mosquito in the skin, alphaviruses disseminate in the host organism through the bloodstream. Mayaro fever is an acute febrile illness characterized by fever, rash, arthralgia, and arthritis. Pathogenesis is a qualitative description of the process by which an initial infection causes disease.
To date, outbreaks have been localized and sporadic within the panamazonia forest since its first isolation in 1954 trinidad and tobago. Results of serologic testing for a mayaro virusinfected swiss traveler returning from the amazon basin, northern peru, 2011. Oct 03, 2016 ian mackay, phd is a virologist with the university of queensland in brisbane, australia. Pdf mayaro virus mayv is an arbovirus that circulates in latin america and is emerging as a potential threat to public health. Effects of chikungunya virus immunity on mayaro virus. The virus has been isolated from haemagogus mosquitoes. Mayaro virus mayv is an arbovirus that circulates in latin america and is emerging as a potential threat to public health.
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